Terms & Conditions

Terms & Conditions for Business

1. Clients for Purposes of this Engagement Letter. For the purposes of this Engagement Letter and the Standards of Services, our clients will be and the term “you” will refer to: Client and any corporations, partnerships, limited liability companies, business trusts, or other business entities that are directly or indirectly owned, controlled or managed by Client. Neither this Engagement Letter nor the Standards of Services will create any client relationship between us and (i) any natural person or (ii) any entity other than those described in the two preceding sentences.

2. Additional Tax Services. In connection with your tax returns or in response to your request(s), we may provide you with Federal, state, local or international tax advice concerning matters that are not the subject of a separate engagement letter. We may also (at your request) assist you in responding to inquiries from the IRS or from other tax authorities concerning the tax returns that we prepare on your behalf. These services are beyond the scope of tax return preparation. Unless these additional services are the subject of a separate engagement letter, our services in rendering that advice or responding to inquiries will be subject to the terms of this letter, including the attached Standards of Services.

3. Standards for Tax Services. Attached to this Engagement Letter is a copy of the “Standards of Services in Tax Matters for Business Taxpayers” (the Standards of Services). These Standards of Services describe certain customary practices that we will employ in delivering tax services to you. These standards are based in part on the requirements of applicable law and professional standards, and we have found that they allow us to provide our services in a cost-effective manner that meets our clients’ expectations in most tax engagements.

4. Your Responsibilities. (a) In order for us to provide effective services, you must cooperate with us and provide us with any information that we request at the times and in the format, that we request. You must cause your employees and contractors to cooperate fully and timely with us. You must designate for us a person authorized to make or obtain all management decisions with respect to our services on a timely basis. We will rely in good faith on all information and management decisions communicated to us by you, your employees or your contractors, and we will not be responsible for any loss or other obligation arising from that reliance. Any failure to fulfill your responsibilities may adversely affect our ability to provide our tax services and will be grounds for our suspending or terminating our services.

(b) If you do not respond to a request from us for information by the date specified or in our request for information, or if you provide us with incomplete information, we may use alternative procedures to obtain information necessary for us to provide you with the tax services. However, if we use alternative procedures due to your failure to timely and completely respond to a request, then we will not be responsible for any error or omission that could have been avoided had you timely and completely responded to our request for information. In addition, if you do not timely respond to a request for information or if you provide us with incomplete information, our fees for services may be higher than as set forth in this Engagement Letter.

5. Requests for Services. In responding to requests for services made by your officers, managers, employees or agents, we will presume that all requests have been authorized by your internal procedures. If you wish to limit the individuals who can request services, you must notify us of any limitations in writing.

6. Fee Arrangements. Except to the extent provided by a particular Engagement Letter, our fees will be based on the time required for work performed, the complexity of any technical issues addressed, the need to confirm information or to perform accounting work as a precondition to our services, the impact of deadlines and any delays in receiving necessary information from you or from third parties. In addition to our fee, you must pay directly billed expenses, including tax return and report processing, travel, meals, and fees and expenses for services from other professionals.

7. Billing and Payment; Suspension of Services. (a) Except to the extent provided by a particular Engagement Letter, our fees and expenses will be billed on a regular basis. If we are entitled to bill you for certain direct expenses and at the time of our invoice to you we have not received a third-party bill for any such expenses, then we may at our option (i) include a reasonable, good faith estimate of the amount of those expenses on our invoice or (ii) send one or more separate invoices for those expenses following our receipt of the third-party bill. Each invoice is payable upon receipt of the invoice. If you believe that any invoice is incorrect or if you wish to dispute any invoice, you must notify us in writing within 60 days of your receipt of the invoice. We reserve the right to charge interest on the undisputed portion of any invoice that is not paid within 60 days of your receipt of that invoice.

(b) If you fail to pay any invoice when due, we reserve the right (if permitted by applicable law and professional standards) to withhold any tax return, Tax Advice, other deliverable, document or file until your account is paid in full or you have made other payment arrangements satisfactory to us. In addition, if you fail to pay any invoice when due we reserve the right to suspend performance of our services until your account is paid in full or you have made other payment arrangements satisfactory to us. Our suspension of services will not affect your obligations to us under this Engagement Letter or the Standards of Services.

8. Confidentiality. We will maintain the confidentiality of your Confidential Information, subject to the provisions of this section. Except as provided in the following sentence, “Confidential Information” means (i) information contained in your internal financial and business records, (ii) information reported on your tax returns and (iii) other information concerning you or your business that is marked “confidential” or otherwise identified as “confidential” in writing at the time of disclosure. Confidential Information does not include information (x) that is or becomes publicly available or generally known to persons in your industry without breach of our obligations under this section or (y) received by us after the termination of this Engagement Letter.

9. Use of Information in or from Accounting and Attest Services. (a) If at any time, you engage us to provide you with audit, review, compilation or other accounting or attest services, information from or relating to your tax returns may be relevant to financial statement reporting or to other accounting or attest services. If at any time, you engage us to provide you with audit, review, compilation or other accounting or attest services, (i) we may use and rely on any information that we obtain in such an engagement in performing any tax services to which this Engagement Letter relates and (ii) you authorize us to use your tax returns and any information we receive or develop in providing tax services in performing these audit, review, compilation or other accounting or attest services.

(b) Financial statement audits and reviews are not designed or intended to examine or address every potential income, franchise or other tax issue. Even if you engage us to perform any audit, review, compilation or other accounting or attest services, we may still rely on information in the manner provided in this Engagement Letter, the Standards of Services and any applicable Statement of Work.

10. Engagement of Other Parties. In performing any tax services, we may engage the services of other domestic tax preparers, including seasonal preparers, independent contractors or other third-party personnel. By engaging us, you authorize us to allow such third parties access to your files, financial information and other confidential information subject to the provisions of Section 8. Our engagement of any third party does not affect our obligations to you.

11. Record Retention. Federal tax law requires us to retain either copies of tax returns we prepare or specified information relating to those returns, as well as certain other documents related to our tax services for varying time periods. Our current policy (which we may revise at any time and in our sole discretion) is to retain copies of tax returns and certain related workpapers for seven years after the return is filed, subject to casualties beyond our control. We provide our clients with a file copy of each Federal income tax return for which we are a signing preparer and we recommend that you retain copies of all returns for at least seven years.

12. Limitation on Damages. Unless otherwise prohibited by law or applicable professional standard, you agree that PennyRoyal Accounting LLC, CPAs, any entity related to it and their respective personnel, current or former, shall not be liable to you for any claims, liabilities, or expenses relating to this engagement for an aggregate amount in excess of the fees paid by you to PennyRoyal Accounting LLC, CPAs pursuant to this engagement, except to the extent finally judicially determined to have resulted from the bad faith or intentional misconduct of PennyRoyal Accounting LLC, CPAs. Unless otherwise prohibited by law or applicable professional standard, in no event shall PennyRoyal Accounting LLC, CPAs, any entity related to it or their respective personnel, current or former, be liable for consequential, special, indirect, incidental, punitive, or exemplary losses or damages relating to this engagement. This limitation on liability provision shall apply to the fullest extent of the law, whether in contract, statute, tort (such as negligence), professional standard, or otherwise.

Standards of Services in Tax Matters for Business Taxpayers

In the course of delivering tax services to our clients or to third parties (you), PennyRoyal Accounting LLC (we or us) applies customary practices intended to provide our services in a cost-effective manner and in accordance with applicable law and professional standards. This document describes the standards for performance of our services (these Standards) relating to tax return preparation, tax advice and consultation, representation in any tax controversy matter, preparation of reports of foreign financial accounts and transactions, accounting for taxes under ASC 740 or any other Federal, state, local or foreign tax matter.

These Standards do not constitute an agreement to provide tax services. Our agreement to provide specific tax services can only be made in the manner provided in an Engagement Letter signed by both you and our duly authorized partner, principal or employee (the Engagement Letter). The scope of services for a particular project will be set forth in an Engagement Letter.

These Standards reference certain tax return, reporting, withholding or other requirements frequently encountered by business taxpayers under Federal and state law. However, the description of any referenced requirement is only a summary as of the date these Standards were released and is not a comprehensive description of the referenced requirements. In addition, there are many other requirements under applicable law that are not referenced in these Standards.

We may revise these Standards by providing you with a copy of the revised Standards in the manner provided in the Engagement Letter. The revised Standards will apply to all Statements of Work subsequently or simultaneously delivered to you.

References in these Standards to the “Code” mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. “Tax Advice” has the meaning set forth in Section 4.1.

1. Standards Applicable to all Tax Services

1.1 Scope of Our Services. The scope of our services will be limited to the services specifically described in the applicable Engagement Letter. If you require services beyond those specifically described, these additional services would require either a separate Engagement Letter or an expansion of an existing Engagement Letter at an additional cost.

1.2 Decisions. While we may provide you with advice concerning tax return reporting and tax consequences of certain transactions, you will retain all authority and responsibility for making any decisions based on our advice.

1.3 Reliance on Information. Except as provided in the applicable Engagement Letter, we will not investigate or verify any facts underlying the transactions reported on your tax return, but we will rely on the financial and other information that you provide us and any financial information that we receive in connection with any assurance services we provide to you. If the actual facts are different from the facts represented to or understood by us, or if there are other facts of which we are not aware, the tax return reporting of the transactions or the conclusions in our Tax Advice could be materially different than that reported on the returns prepared by us.

1.4 Possibility of Litigation. If the IRS or another tax authority adopts a position contrary to any analysis or conclusions in our Tax Advice or to any position reported on a tax return, it might be necessary to pursue administrative appeals or litigation. Decisions of whether and how to pursue administrative appeals or litigation may be based on considerations of cost, publicity and other matters unrelated to the technical merits of a tax position. In some cases, taxpayers elect not to pursue appeals or litigation even though a reported position may ultimately be sustained on appeal or in litigation.

1.5 Changes in Law. Subsequent changes to applicable law or regulations, or the issuance of new case or ruling authority, could materially and adversely affect the analysis and conclusions in an item of Tax Advice or a position reported on a tax return. Neither the delivery of any Tax Advice nor the preparation of a tax return is an undertaking on our part to monitor or to advise you concerning any changes in law subsequent to of the date of the Tax Advice or the delivery of the tax returns.

1.6 Tax Strategy Patents. In the past, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has issued business method patents for certain tax planning strategies. Federal legislation in 2011 precluded future tax strategy patents, but did not terminate previously issued tax strategy patents. The validity of these previously issued patents and the coverage of any patent claims, involves legal interpretations and judgments concerning U.S. patent law, rather than professional judgment concerning the Code. Accordingly, we cannot advise you concerning the applicability of any tax strategy patents. If during the course of our providing tax services to you under an Engagement Letter we actually become aware that the owner of any tax strategy patent is likely to assert that the patent extends to any of your tax planning or tax reporting positions, we will bring this to your attention so that you can seek legal counsel. However, we will not conduct separate due diligence procedures to identify potentially applicable tax strategy patents.

2. Tax Return Preparation

2.1 Scope of Return Preparation Services. Our services in preparing your tax returns are limited to tax return preparation, and our preparation of a return should not be viewed as assurance that any particular reported position is likely to prevail in the event of a challenge by the IRS or another tax authority. If we become aware of a return position for which we believe a penalty under the Code is likely to apply, we will bring that position to your attention. If you would like us to advise you concerning any specific matter on your tax return, please contact us to discuss expanding the scope of our services. Any Tax Advice rendered in connection with the preparation of any tax return is subject to the provisions described under “4. Tax Advice” below. Tax return preparation and tax advisory services do not include representation in the event of an examination by the IRS or other tax authorities.

Tax return preparation services do not constitute accounting or auditing services. In addition, tax return preparation services are not designed to disclose defalcations or other irregularities, should any exist. Conversely, financial statement audits and reviews are not designed or intended to examine or address every potential income or franchise tax issue. In addition, certain potential adjustments that are deemed immaterial for financial statement reporting purposes may be required for tax reporting purposes. Please contact us if you would like us to review any specific financial statement items for compliance with applicable tax laws.

In the course of preparing tax returns, we may prepare schedules or perform accounting work as we deem necessary to prepare your returns in accordance with applicable law and professional standards. These schedules and accounting work are solely for the support of our tax return services, and may not be appropriate for financial statement or other purposes.

2.2 Our and Your Respective Responsibility for Accuracy. We will exercise due professional care and judgment to include all required information in your tax returns. The Code provides that by signing or authorizing the electronic filing of your returns, you are verifying that they are true, correct and complete. Accordingly, you should review each tax return carefully before signing the return or any e-filing authorization and bring any questionable items or any omissions to our attention.

2.3 Jurisdictions for Returns. We will prepare tax returns for those Federal, state, local and foreign jurisdictions described in the applicable Engagement Letter. We will advise you if we believe, based on the information that you provide us, that a tax return should be filed in any other jurisdiction, but we will not prepare any such tax return without your approval of the expansion of our scope of services. It is important that you inform us of any new or expanded activities that could trigger filing requirements in additional state(s), such as the acquisition of property or the hiring of employees in a new state. Activities of a partnership, LLC, trust or other pass-through entity in which you are an owner or beneficiary may also trigger additional state tax filings, so please contact us if you have acquired an interest in a new passthrough entity over the past year.

2.4 Deductions, Credits and Other Tax Incentives. If we determine that you are eligible for any tax credit, exclusion or deduction, we will either apply any such tax benefit in preparing your tax returns or we will advise of its availability and any related considerations to permit you to decide whether to take advantage of the tax benefit. Your eligibility for certain tax benefits will in some cases depend on the existence of certain documentation and may require tax research beyond the scope of tax return preparation services.

There are numerous tax credits, exclusions and deductions for which a detailed review of business or investment activities would be required to determine their availability. Such a detailed review is beyond the scope of tax return preparation. If you would like us to undertake a detailed review of your activities to identify tax credits, exclusions or deductions, please contact us to discuss the terms of an engagement for these services.

2.5 Level of Assurance and Return Disclosures. The Code prohibits tax preparers from signing any tax return known to report any position (i) that is not supported by “substantial authority” unless certain disclosures are made concerning the position or (ii) attributable to certain “tax shelters” or “reportable transactions” that the preparer does not reasonably believe is more likely than not correct. Because of the limited scope of analysis in evaluating a reporting position, a conclusion that disclosure is not required to enable us to sign a return may not be sufficient to avoid the application of tax penalties under the Code. Except as expressly provided in an applicable Engagement Letter, we will not review any reporting position or perform any tax research for the purpose of either (i) determining whether a position can be reported without disclosure or (ii) determining whether tax penalties may apply. If you wish to report a position without disclosure on the return, or if you are concerned about the potential application of tax penalties, please contact us to discuss expanding the scope of our services to include Tax Advice that may address your concerns. Tax return disclosure may in some cases reduce the taxpayer’s risk of penalties attributable to a substantial understatement.

2.6 Disclosure of Transactions and Other Financial Information. The Code and certain state laws require that you disclose on or with your tax return certain transactions or other financial information. There are significant financial penalties for failure to disclose these matters and these penalties may apply even if there is no understatement of tax. Our tax return preparation services do not include any separate investigation to evaluate whether there are any transactions or other matters that must be disclosed on your returns, but we will advise you if we conclude that any such disclosure is required. If you would like us to specifically review any transaction or matter to evaluate whether specific reporting is required, please contact us to discuss expanding the scope of our services.

2.7 Tax Return Extensions. If for any reason, we are unable to complete the preparation of any tax return by the original due date, it may be necessary to file for an extension of the time to file that return. In seeking any extension of time for filing any tax return, you will be required to pay the estimated amount of any taxes due by the original due date in order for the extension to be effective and to avoid significant tax penalties.

2.8 Amended Tax Returns. If you engage us to prepare any amended tax returns, our services will be limited to the reporting of the items on the amended returns that are changed from the position reported on the original (or last filed amended) returns. We will rely without investigation on the previously filed returns with respect to any position that is not amended and we will have no obligation or responsibility under this letter with respect to any such position. Notwithstanding the foregoing, professional standards require that in preparing an amended return we address all known errors and omissions giving rise to an understatement on the original tax return.

2.9 Electronic Filing of Tax Returns. Federal and state tax laws mandate the electronic filing of certain tax returns and requests for extension. In some cases, a taxpayer may elect to file a tax return in paper format and in other cases an election to opt out of electronic filing is not available. Occasionally, technical limitations prevent the electronic filing of a particular return.

We will use our best efforts to electronically file your tax returns. Prior to electronic filing, we will provide you with the information to be included on your return for your review and approval. Federal and state laws require that we obtain your written authorization prior to electronically filing a return, so it is critical that you sign and return the authorization form to permit electronic filing by the return’s due date.

If we cannot electronically file any tax return, whether due to technical limitations or for any other reason, we will provide you with those returns for filing in paper format. If you would like to opt out of electronic filing and file your returns in paper format, you must contact us immediately so that we can determine whether such an opt out is legally permissible and provide you with any required documentation. If any return is provided to you in paper format for filing, it is critical that you sign, date and mail that return by its due date.

2.10 Your Copy of Your Tax Returns. Federal law requires that we provide the taxpayer with a copy of any paper-filed Federal tax return for which we are the paid preparer. For electronically filed Federal returns for which we are the paid preparer, we are required to provide the taxpayer with the information contained on the return. We will provide you with an electronic copy of the tax return or the required information in a .pdf or similar format. If you would like to receive a paper copy in lieu of the electronic copy, please notify us in writing as soon as possible.

2.11 Notices. Occasionally, the IRS or other tax authority will send a notice recalculating tax liability or requesting additional documentation following the filing of a tax return. If you receive such a notice, you should forward a copy of the notice to us as soon as possible since a notice may in some cases affect future tax services. In addition, we will at your request assist you in responding to any notice relating to any of your tax returns that we prepare.

2.12 Use of Tax Returns. Because of their special purpose, nature and format, income tax returns do not constitute financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The tax returns should be used only for income tax purposes and must not be used as a substitute for financial statements.

3. Estimated Taxes

3.1 Estimated Taxes. Federal and state laws require taxpayers to make estimated tax payments relating to their current year tax liability, and a failure to make adequate estimated tax payments to the IRS or to a state tax authority could result in tax penalties. Generally, there are safe harbors that may avoid these penalties for certain payments based on prior year or current year tax liability.

An engagement to prepare annual income or franchise tax returns will not include services for estimated tax planning or preparation unless expressly stated. If you engage us to assist you in calculating estimated tax payments, you must provide us with the information we request and with any other information relevant to your tax liability (including information concerning the allocation or apportionment between states) at least 30 days prior to the due dates of your estimated payments. If you would like us to assist you with estimated tax planning, you should contact us at least 45 days prior to the due date of the next estimated tax payment.

In calculating the amount of any estimated tax payment, we will rely on information that you provide and we will not audit or otherwise verify this information. In the event that the information you provide is different from the actual amounts of income, gain, deduction or loss, the amount of income or franchise tax liability on your tax returns may be different from the aggregate amount of the estimated tax payments made. If the actual amount of that liability to any jurisdiction exceeds the aggregate estimated tax payments made to that jurisdiction for any period, it is possible that an estimated tax penalty could apply.

3.2 Schedules of Estimated Tax Payments. At the time, we deliver your income or franchise tax returns to you, we may provide you with a schedule of estimated tax payments for the current year. Unless otherwise expressly stated on the schedule, the payments on any such schedule will be based solely on your prior year tax liabilities from the Federal and state income tax returns that we prepare on your behalf. While the payments will be intended to avoid Federal and state penalties for the underpayment of estimated taxes, your actual current year income or franchise tax liabilities could be materially different from the aggregate amount of these payments. In that event, you may owe tax penalties.

4. Tax Advice

4.1 What Constitutes Tax Advice. Any definitive advice concerning any tax matter depends on the particular facts of your situation, as well as the law and related authorities (e.g., regulations, case law, rulings etc.) that apply to those facts. Our professional standards require that we exercise appropriate due diligence in providing tax advice, taking into consideration the scope of our engagement and the type and specificity of the advice that you request. This due diligence may require review or confirmation of certain facts and research concerning applicable tax authorities. In order to confirm our mutual understanding regarding material facts and to provide you with an understanding of any particular risks associated with any tax positions addressed, all definitive advice that we provide concerning any tax matter (Tax Advice) must be in writing in the form of a letter or a memorandum.

We are happy to discuss with you our views regarding the tax treatment of certain items. We may also provide you with tax information in the body of an email. However, any communication or information delivered to you orally or in the body of an email (as opposed to a letter or memorandum delivered as an email attachment) will be based upon limited tax research and a limited discussion and analysis of the underlying facts. Additional research or a more complete review of the facts could affect our analysis and conclusions.

Because of these limitations and the related risks, oral and email communications will not be deemed Tax Advice, and it may not be appropriate for you to proceed with any transaction or any tax return reporting solely on the basis of any oral or email communication. We recognize that in some cases you may choose to proceed without obtaining Tax Advice due to considerations of cost, timing and your evaluation of potential risks. If you choose to proceed with any transaction or tax return reporting position without obtaining Tax Advice from us, then you accept all responsibility for any loss, cost or expense resulting from your decision (i) not to have us perform the research and analysis necessary to reach a more definitive conclusion and (ii) to instead rely on an oral or email communication. The limitation in this section will not apply to an item of Tax Advice that is delivered to you as a document attached to an email.

In providing our tax services, we may provide you with tax or financial schedules and calculations. These schedules and calculations, standing alone, cannot adequately describe the merits and risks of any tax position or the assumptions underlying the schedule or calculations. Accordingly, these schedules and calculations should not be viewed as assurance of the correctness of any particular tax position. If you would like assurance regarding the tax positions upon which any schedule or calculation is based, please contact us to discuss the merits of our providing you with Tax Advice to support those calculations.

4.2 Facts and Assumptions. Our investigation to confirm or verify any facts described in any Tax Advice will be limited to the investigation described in the body of the Tax Advice, and we will rely on the facts, assumptions and representations described in the Tax Advice. Any change in or addition to these facts, assumptions or representations could materially and adversely affect our analysis and conclusions. If you for any reason believe that any facts, assumptions or representations in any Tax Advice are incorrect or incomplete, you must notify us immediately to discuss the impact on our analysis and conclusions. You should not rely upon any item of Tax Advice that is based on facts, assumptions or representations that you believe to be incorrect or incomplete.

4.3 Applicable Law. A majority of our Tax Advice addresses Federal income tax matters. Unless expressly stated in our Tax Advice, our analysis and conclusions will relate solely to Federal income tax consequences under the Code as of the date of our Tax Advice. If you would like us to address tax consequences to you under any other applicable tax law, please contact us to discuss expanding the scope of our services.

4.4 Issues Addressed. Each item of Tax Advice will be limited to advice concerning the tax issues described in the Tax Advice, and it may not consider all of the issues that may arise in connection with the subject matter of the advice. Except as expressly stated in an item of Tax Advice, our advice is not an endorsement of any particular transaction structure or accounting method, nor is it a recommendation that any addressee proceed with any transaction or other matter described in the Tax Advice.

4.5 Reportable Transactions and Other Disclosures. The Code and certain state laws require that you disclose on or with your tax return certain transactions or other matters. There are significant financial penalties for failure to disclose these matters, and these penalties may apply even if there is no understatement of tax. We will not review any transaction or matter to determine whether reporting is required except as expressly provided in the Tax Advice. If you would like us to review any transaction or matter to determine whether it must be separately reported, please contact us to discuss expanding the scope of our services.

4.6 Level of Assurance for Tax Advice; No Guarantee. Many areas of tax law are unclear, and the application of the tax law to any particular facts may be subject to more than one interpretation. Our Tax Advice will be based upon our interpretation of applicable law and regulations and certain case and ruling authority as of the date of the Tax Advice. The level of assurance for any particular item of Tax Advice will depend on the underlying facts, the clarity of applicable law, regulations, case and ruling authority, and the extent of factual due diligence and tax research performed. The conclusions in our Tax Advice will be based on our good faith belief that they meet the level of assurance stated in the Tax Advice. Obtaining Tax Advice at a particular level of assurance may in some cases provide a defense to certain tax penalties, but you should not assume that an item of Tax Advice will offer you protection from penalties except as expressly stated in the Tax Advice.

An Engagement Letter may indicate a desired level of assurance for Tax Advice addressing a particular tax position. Because the ultimate level of assurance with respect to any tax position will depend on our findings with respect to the underlying facts and the results of our tax research, no Engagement Letter should be viewed as a binding commitment to deliver Tax Advice concerning any tax position at a particular level of assurance.

Our analysis and conclusions will be based upon our professional judgment, will not be a guarantee of the ultimate tax consequences of the transactions described in the Tax Advice and will not be binding on the IRS, any state, local or foreign tax authority, or any court. If you would like greater certainty regarding the tax treatment of any particular transaction, please contact us to discuss the possibility of obtaining a ruling from the appropriate tax authority.

4.7 Reliance and Distribution. Each item of Tax Advice is rendered only for the benefit of the named addressee(s), and does not address the tax consequences to any other person or entity that is not an addressee. No person or entity other than the named addressee(s) may rely on the Tax Advice.

To avoid confusion regarding matters of reliance, our Tax Advice may not be delivered to any other party unless you advise the recipient of these limitations on reliance. You may not include any item of Tax Advice in any prospectus, private placement memorandum or other document used to offer any securities or to otherwise obtain financing.

Unless expressly provided in an item of Tax Advice, but subject to the limitations in the preceding paragraph, you are free to share the Tax Advice with any third party. You may deliver a copy of any Tax Advice to the IRS or any state, local or foreign tax authority for the purpose of demonstrating good faith and reliance on the analysis and conclusions expressed therein. You should be aware that the delivery of any item of Tax Advice to a third party may act as a waiver of any otherwise available claim of privilege. Before delivering an item of Tax Advice to a third party, we recommend that you consult with legal counsel to assess the matters relating to claims of privilege.

5. Tax Controversy Matters

5.1 Examinations and Appeals. (a) In connection with any examination of a return by the IRS or any other tax authority, we will perform the following services as we deem appropriate to properly respond to the examination:

(i) assist you in responding to requests for information from the tax authority;
(ii) conduct tax research and advise you concerning the merits of your reported tax position(s) and the merits of any potential challenge to your reported position(s);
(iii) participate in meetings and conference calls with you and with representatives of the tax authority;
(iv) prepare any amended tax returns required as a result of the examination;
(v) prepare and file any taxpayer protest or other documents necessary for any administrative appeal; and
(vi) assist you in evaluating the terms of any proposed assessment, settlement or appellate determination.
(b) We will consult with you throughout the examination or appeal concerning all significant services that we plan to perform. Except as required by law or by applicable professional rules, we will not perform any service that you have specifically asked that we not perform.

5.2 Power of Attorney and Decisions. (a) In connection with any examination, appeal or other tax controversy matter, you may grant to one or more of our partners, principals or employees a power of attorney. Such a power of attorney will allow us to communicate with the tax authority, and it authorizes us to take certain actions on your behalf. Notwithstanding any grant of a power of attorney, all significant decisions concerning any examination, appeal or other tax controversy matter, such as whether to pursue an administrative appeal or whether to assert a privilege, will be decisions to be made by you in your sole discretion.

(b) In any examination, appeal or litigation, decisions whether to contest or to concede an assessment or a particular tax position are often affected by considerations other than the technical merits of a position (e.g., the costs of proceeding). We will use our best efforts to assist you in evaluating these other considerations.

5.3 Litigation. Should you ultimately choose to pursue litigation as a result of any assessment arising out of an examination, we would not be able to represent you in any court. If you choose to pursue litigation at any point, we strongly recommend that you retain legal counsel experienced in tax litigation matters. Although we cannot represent you in court, we would be able to assist your legal counsel in understanding the facts of your case, the technical merits of your position and other matters we encounter during the course of our services.

6. Tax Withholding Matters

6.1 Nonresident and Foreign Owner Withholding. Tax laws in some cases require taxpayers to withhold taxes on behalf of nonresident or foreign owners or beneficiaries and remit the taxes withheld. A failure to remit taxes required to be withheld may result in tax penalties and interest. If you engage us to assist you in calculating nonresident or foreign owner withholding tax payments, we will perform those calculations for those taxpayers identified in the applicable Engagement Letter under Federal law and the laws of the states in which those taxpayers expect to file income or franchise tax returns. For us to calculate these amounts, you must provide us with the information we request, including information regarding nonresident or foreign owners or beneficiaries and the allocation or apportionment of income between states, at least 30 days prior to the date of any payment to a nonresident owner or beneficiary.

In calculating the amount of any nonresident or foreign withholding or payments, we will rely on information that you provide and we will not audit or otherwise verify this information. If the information you provide is different from the actual amounts of income, gain, deduction or loss allocated to any nonresident or foreign owner or beneficiary, the amount of the required withholding may be different from the amounts withheld or remitted. If the actual amount of the required withholding for any jurisdiction exceeds the aggregate withholding tax payments made to that jurisdiction for any period, it is possible that penalties and interest could apply.

6.2 FATCA Compliance. The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”) creates a new information reporting and withholding regime for payments made by or to certain foreign financial institutions and other foreign entities. The FATCA rules are quite complex, and a failure to comply could result in a 30% withholding tax on certain types of U.S. source investment income. The existence of a foreign financial account does not determine the need for FATCA compliance. Due to the complex nature of FATCA, services in evaluating and advising you regarding FATCA compliance are beyond the scope of normal tax return preparation.

6.3 FIRPTA Withholding. The Federal Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 and similar state laws may in some cases require taxpayers to withhold and remit a portion of the purchase price for certain interests in real property or in entities owning real property payable to a foreign entity, a foreign individual or an entity having foreign entities or individuals as owners or beneficiaries. A failure to withhold and remit a required amount may result in tax penalties and interest. We encourage you to contact us concerning potential withholding requirements prior to the purchase of any interest in real property.

If you engage us to assist you in evaluating withholding requirements and calculating the amounts required to be withheld, we will perform those services based upon the information that you provide to us. You must provide us with the information we request, including information regarding the seller(s) of real property, at least 30 days prior to the earlier of the date of any payment to those sellers or the date of any payment to the IRS or any other tax authority.

7. Certain Other Tax Matters

7.1 Corporate Reporting of Certain Organizational Actions. The Code requires corporations, including regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, and entities that elect to be treated as corporations, to prepare Form 8937, Report of Organizational Actions Affecting Basis of Securities, when the corporation takes an action that affects the basis of all holders of a class of “specified securities.” Transactions affecting the holders’ basis could include stock splits, stock dividends, and certain reorganization transactions. The requirement applies to both domestic and foreign issuers if the affected security is owned by U.S. taxpayers, either directly or as a depositary receipt. Form 8937 must be filed with the IRS by the earlier of 45 days following the action or Jan. 15 in the calendar year following the organizational action. Alternatively, the corporation may post a completed Form 8937 on its primary public website and keep it accessible to the public for 10 years. Subchapter S corporations may instead report the effect of the organizational action on a timely filed Schedule K-1 for each affected shareholder and timely give a copy to all proper parties.

Preparation of Form 8937 is beyond the scope of annual income tax return preparation services, and fees for preparing the required information or for reviewing any organizational action would be in addition to the fees for tax return preparation. We will not conduct a detailed review of any organizational action to determine your obligation to file Form 8937 except as expressly provided in an applicable Engagement Letter.

If in preparing any Form 1120S tax return for a Subchapter S corporation we determine that you have taken an organizational action that affects the basis of all holders of a class of “specified securities,” we will include the required information provided by you on the Schedules K-1 to be delivered to the affected shareholders. If you do not have the required information available, it may be necessary to expand the scope of our services for us to assist you in developing this information.

8. Foreign Financial Reporting

8.1 Foreign Account Reporting Requirements. U.S. citizens and residents and certain nonresidents (including individuals, corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) who have a financial interest in or signature or other authority over any “financial accounts” in a foreign country are required to make a separate filing if the aggregate value of these accounts exceeded $10,000 at any time during a year. Filing requirements also apply to those with direct or indirect control over a foreign or domestic entity with foreign financial accounts, even if the taxpayer does not have foreign financial accounts of its own. Foreign “financial accounts” include a wide variety of items such as: bank accounts, mutual funds, life insurance, credit cards, retirement plans, securities or brokerage accounts, and interests in partnerships, trusts or other pass-through entities having foreign accounts.

Because persons with a financial interest and persons with signature authority are required to submit filings, a single account can require multiple filings. For example, a corporate-owned foreign account would require filings by the corporation and by the individual corporate officers with signature authority. For financial interests held during 2015, these filings must be made by June 30, 2016, and the time for filing is not extended by a tax return extension. Filings for financial interests held during 2016 and thereafter will be due on April 15, with a six-month extension until October 15 in a manner similar to extensions for income tax returns. There are severe civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance with these filing requirements. Even an inadvertent failure or incomplete filing can result in a $10,000 civil penalty, and the IRS has been enforcing these penalties.

8.2 Preparation of Reports. If you engage us to prepare FinCEN Form 114, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (the FBAR), we will prepare this form for those taxpayers identified in the applicable Engagement Letter for which we prepared a Federal income tax return. We will also prepare FBARs for the officers and employees of those taxpayers who are signatories on the foreign accounts owned by those taxpayers. The FBARs will be prepared based solely on information that you provide to us and we will not conduct an independent review of your books and records to identify potential FBAR filing requirements. We will not prepare any regulatory filings other than the tax returns and FBARs described in this arrangement letter.

If we prepare FBARs for individuals for whom we do not prepare tax returns (e.g., officers or employees who are signatories on your accounts), those FBARs may not include all accounts which those individuals may be required to report. If any of those individuals has an interest in any other foreign account (e.g., a personal account), then he or she may be required to file additional FBARs. We recommend that these individuals consult with their personal tax preparers or legal counsel to address any additional filing requirements.

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